It is for the first time in the study of animal bone remnants from the Bolgar city site that modern techniques have been applied, which have made it possible to solve archaeological and historical problems rather than purely biological ones. A detailed description of the work process based on these techniques and of the results obtained is offered. In particular, it has been found out that the cattle intended for slaughter in Bolgar had not been bred within the city limits but rather supplied from outside. Also for the first time, a change in the distribution structure of finds of wild animals’ bones as per chronological periods has been recorded.