Authors consider the issue of palynological data interpretation on various archaeological objects on the example of the results of palynological studies of the archaeological layer on the Bolgar Bazaar (CLXXIX excavation), sections of the rampart of the Bolgar fortified settlement (CCV excavation) and samples from the pits (CLXXIX excavation).The archaeological layers of the settlements are the most informative for paleoreconstructions. Thus, the authors obtained a rather precise picture of the environment dynamics for the cultural layer from excavation CLXXIX. And although climate changes are not recorded here, anthropogenic changes can be traced very well. The materials of the rampart sections do not allow the authors to trace a continuous sequence of the landscape changes. However, repeated environment changes, associated with both anthropogenic activity and the climatic factor were identified here also. Pits are a complicated object for a palynological study because their purpose, mechanism, and nature of filling can be various. Interpretation of the results of the analysis of samples from pits is possible only if there is a section of the same age cultural layer.